Linnaea borealisL.

Twinflower

WFO wfo-0000358023 Accepted WFO 2026-06 8 photographs CC0 / CC BY

Plate 1 figs. a–h

Linnaea borealis, photographed by steve b
fig. a steve b, CC0 1.0 / 2022-06-13 / obs. 205935854
Linnaea borealis, photographed by Tom Armstrong
fig. b Tom Armstrong, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 205005862
Linnaea borealis, photographed by Mary Krieger
fig. c Mary Krieger, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 205023508
Linnaea borealis, photographed by Braden J. Judson
fig. d Braden J. Judson, CC0 1.0 / obs. 205917657
Linnaea borealis, photographed by Lena Perova
fig. e Lena Perova, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 203533042
Linnaea borealis, photographed by Shane Johnson
fig. f Shane Johnson, CC0 1.0 / obs. 204649142
Linnaea borealis, photographed by Steven Lamonde
fig. g Steven Lamonde, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 205763787
Linnaea borealis, photographed by Chuck Wilson
fig. h Chuck Wilson, CC0 1.0 / obs. 203758714

Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.

Confused withby our own model

These are not lookalikes we guessed at. Each one is a species our identification model genuinely mistook for this plant, and how many times. The error rate is published.

Flowering n = 3,418 observations

Peak flowering in Jun, from 3,418 community-annotated observations worldwide. This is a global aggregate, not a forecast for your garden: the same species flowers on different dates in different hemispheres, and citizen-science records cluster near cities, at weekends, and in spring. Where a species has fewer than 30 annotated records we do not draw this chart at all.

Also published as 30 synonyms

A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.

  • Linnaea albiloba Brenner
  • Linnaea americana J.Forbes
  • Linnaea americana f. candicans House
  • Linnaea amoenula Wittr.
  • Linnaea australis Hoffmanns.
  • Linnaea borealis f. angustissima Wittr.
  • Linnaea borealis f. arctica Wittr.
  • Linnaea borealis f. integerrima Wittr.
  • Linnaea borealis subsp. americana (J.Forbes) Hultén
  • Linnaea borealis subsp. borealis
  • Linnaea borealis var. americana (J.Forbes) Rehder
  • Linnaea borealis var. borealis
  • Linnaea borealis var. longiflora Torr.
  • Linnaea foveolata Brenner
  • Linnaea jugosa Brenner
  • Linnaea longiflora Howell
  • Linnaea parvisignata Brenner
  • Linnaea pseudoproterantha Pamp.
  • Linnaea pyrrosema Brenner
  • Linnaea roseoalba Brenner
  • Linnaea rotundata Brenner
  • Linnaea subconfluens Brenner
  • Linnaea subjugosa Brenner
  • Linnaea subsulcata Brenner

and 6 more.

Sourcesevery claim on this page

  1. World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
  2. iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.

We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice, no toxicity claim and no native range, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.