Nuttallanthus canadensis(L.) D.A.Sutton

Canada toadflax

WFO wfo-0000381303 Accepted WFO 2026-06 8 photographs CC0 / CC BY

Plate 1 figs. a–h

Nuttallanthus canadensis, photographed by Lynn Harper
fig. a Lynn Harper, CC0 1.0 / 2022-05-29 / obs. 201713823
Nuttallanthus canadensis, photographed by Lynn Harper
fig. b Lynn Harper, CC0 1.0 / obs. 202786690
Nuttallanthus canadensis, photographed by Lynn Harper
fig. c Lynn Harper, CC0 1.0 / obs. 203487178
Nuttallanthus canadensis, photographed by Taro Ietaka
fig. d Taro Ietaka, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 200606264
Nuttallanthus canadensis, photographed by inbetweenbays
fig. e inbetweenbays, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 200884548
Nuttallanthus canadensis, photographed by Kathy Richardson
fig. f Kathy Richardson, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 198333454
Nuttallanthus canadensis, photographed by Tim Kirsten
fig. g Tim Kirsten, CC0 1.0 / obs. 203944230
Nuttallanthus canadensis, photographed by Nathan T. Jones
fig. h Nathan T. Jones, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 200543113

Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.

Confused withby our own model

These are not lookalikes we guessed at. Each one is a species our identification model genuinely mistook for this plant, and how many times. The error rate is published.

Flowering n = 2,602 observations

Peak flowering in May, from 2,602 community-annotated observations worldwide. This is a global aggregate, not a forecast for your garden: the same species flowers on different dates in different hemispheres, and citizen-science records cluster near cities, at weekends, and in spring. Where a species has fewer than 30 annotated records we do not draw this chart at all.

Also published as 14 synonyms

A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.

  • Anarrhinum canadense L.
  • Antirrhinum canadense L.
  • Antirrhinum canadense var. assurgens Raf.
  • Antirrhinum pauciflorum Poepp. ex Chav.
  • Antirrhinum stellatum Larrañaga
  • Linaria canadensis (L.) Chaz.
  • Linaria canadensis f. albina Fernald
  • Linaria canadensis f. canadensis
  • Linaria canadensis f. cleistogama Fernald
  • Linaria canadensis var. canadensis
  • Linaria canadensis var. typica Munz
  • Linaria subandina Diels
  • Nuttallanthus canadensis f. albinus (Fernald) G.Wilh. & Rericha
  • Nuttallanthus subandinus (Diels) D.A.Sutton

Sourcesevery claim on this page

  1. World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
  2. iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.

We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice, no toxicity claim and no native range, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.