Pinus mugoTurra

mountain pine

WFO wfo-0000481789 Accepted WFO 2026-06 8 photographs CC0 / CC BY

Plate 1 figs. a–h

Pinus mugo, photographed by Marco Mussita
fig. a Marco Mussita, CC BY 4.0 / 2022-06-09 / obs. 205171097
Pinus mugo, photographed by Wolfgang Jauch
fig. b Wolfgang Jauch, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 205471298
Pinus mugo, photographed by Marco Mussita
fig. c Marco Mussita, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 163070347
Pinus mugo, photographed by Jason Grant
fig. d Jason Grant, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 189070325
Pinus mugo, photographed by Pavel Kacl
fig. e Pavel Kacl, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 176162746
Pinus mugo, photographed by Caleb Catto
fig. f Caleb Catto, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 162727256
Pinus mugo, photographed by Nick Kleinschmidt
fig. g Nick Kleinschmidt, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 165002945
Pinus mugo, photographed by Mirko Ubović
fig. h Mirko Ubović, CC0 1.0 / obs. 192284421

Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.

Confused withby our own model

These are not lookalikes we guessed at. Each one is a species our identification model genuinely mistook for this plant, and how many times. The error rate is published.

Also published as 86 synonyms

A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.

  • Pinus applanata (Booth ex Loudon) Willk.
  • Pinus digenea Wettst.
  • Pinus echinata Carrière
  • Pinus fischeri Booth ex P.Lawson
  • Pinus magellensis Schouw
  • Pinus montana Mill.
  • Pinus montana f. slavinii Hornibr.
  • Pinus montana subsp. arborea (Tubeuf) Hegi
  • Pinus montana subsp. frutescens-erecta (Tubeuf) Hegi
  • Pinus montana subsp. mughus (Scop.) Willk.
  • Pinus montana subsp. prostrata (Tubeuf) Willk.
  • Pinus montana subsp. pumilio (Haenke) Čelak
  • Pinus montana var. applanata (Willk.) Willk.
  • Pinus montana var. arborea Tubeuf
  • Pinus montana var. centrapedunculata (Woerl.) Woerl.
  • Pinus montana var. frutescens-erecta Tubeuf
  • Pinus montana var. gibba (Willk.) H.Christ
  • Pinus montana var. impressa (Hartig ex Willk.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
  • Pinus montana var. mughus (Scop.) Gremli
  • Pinus montana var. prostrata Tubeuf
  • Pinus montana var. pumilio (Haenke) Spach
  • Pinus montana var. pyramidalis Schröt.
  • Pinus mugho Laichard.
  • Pinus mughus Scop.

and 62 more.

Sourcesevery claim on this page

  1. World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
  2. iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.

We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice, no toxicity claim and no native range, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.